topic 28. Inline assembler ( in Software Tuning, Performance Optimization & Platform Monitoring

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Sun, 17 Jun 2012 19:17:06 GMT

I'd like to share some experience on porting a C/C++ project to a 64-bit platform. It was started last week and I already
have lots of different problems.

Here is a list of Tips, Detected Problems and Issues:

1. I recommend to take a look at the following topics on MSDN if you're about to start a 64-bit programming:

"Platform SDK: 64-bit Windows Programming"
"Migration Tips"
"64-Bit Programming with Visual C++"
"How to: Configure Projects to Target Platforms"

2. Turn on a /Wp64 compiler option for Microsoft compatible C++ compilers. It detects 64-bit
portability problems on types that are marked with the __w64 keyword;

3. Issue - LONGLONG data type:
...
#if !defined( _M_IX86 )
typedef __int64 LONGLONG;
#else
typedef double LONGLONG;
#endif
...

4. Issue - Date & Time CRT-functions and data types

5. Issue - A 'size_t' type is used in 'new' C++ operators to pass a size of a memory to allocate and
it is 8-bytes long on a 64-bit platform

6. Microsoft C++ compiler ( a test case ):
...
int iInt32 = 0xffffeeeeddddcccc; // -> iInt32 = 0xddddcccc - This is simplya verification of truncation
...

7. Problem - MinGW C++ compiler ( a test case ):
...
int iInt32 = 0xffffeeeeddddcccc; // -> Error: integer constant is too large for "long" type
...

8. Use explicit 'ifdef's for different platforms ( pseudo codes ):
...
#ifdef _16BIT_PLATFORM_
//...
#endif
#ifdef _32BIT_PLATFORM_
//...
#endif
#ifdef _64BIT_PLATFORM_
//...
#endif
...

9. Default ( turn on ) the following warnigs for Microsoft compatible C++ compilers:

#pragma warning ( default : 4239 )// Nonstandard extension used : 'type cast' : conversion from 'type1' to 'type2'
#pragma warning ( default : 4242 )// Conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data
#pragma warning ( default : 4244 )// Conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data
#pragma warning ( default : 4305 )// 'Initializing' : truncation from 'type1' to 'type2'
#pragma warning ( default : 4309 )// 'Initializing' : truncation of constant value
#pragma warning ( default : 4311 )// 'Type cast' : pointer truncation from 'type1' to 'type2'

10. Verify how the __w64 keyword works for Microsoft compatible C++ compilers:

// Test Case - Verification of __w64 keyword - based on MSDN example
// 'V64C' stands for 'Verify 64-bit Compatibility'

...
#if ( defined ( _WIN32_MSC ) || defined ( _WIN32_ICC ) )
#define _RTV64C__w64
#endif
#if ( defined ( _WIN32CE_MSC ) || defined ( _WIN32_BCC ) || defined ( _WIN32_MGW ) ||\\
defined ( _COS16_TCC ) )
#define _RTV64C
#endif
...

#pragma warning ( default : 4244 )// Conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data

#define _WIN64
//#undef _WIN64

typedef int Int_32;

#ifdef _WIN64
typedef __int64 Int_Native;
#else
typedef int _RTV64C Int_Native;
#endif

Int_32 iInt_32 = 0xffeeddcc;
Int_Native iInt_Native = 0xffffeeeeddddcccc;
iInt_32 = iInt_Native; // MSDN - Warning C4244: 64-bit int assigned to 32-bit int
// Compiler - Warning C4244: '=' : conversion from 'Int_Native' to 'Int_32', possible loss of data
#undef _WIN64

#pragma warning ( disable : 4244 )
...

11. If a project has Test Cases ALL of them must be verified on a 64-bit platform

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Sun, 17 Jun 2012 19:24:00 GMT

Here are a couple of screenshots that demonstrate the truncation of a 64-bit value when
assigned to a 32-bit variable:

State 1 - Values are uninitialized

State 2 - Values initialized

State 3 - A 64-bit value was assigned to a 32-bit variable

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Sun, 17 Jun 2012 19:29:55 GMT

Quoting Sergey Kostrov

I'd like to share some experience on porting a C/C++ project to a 64-bit platform. It was started last week and I already
have lots of different problems...

...
4. Issue - Date & Time CRT-functions and data types
...

Please take a look at a thread:

Is a "Y2K38 disaster" looming? Issues with a 'time_t' type

http://software.intel.com/en-us/forums/showthread.php?t=105868&o=a&s=lr

for more technical details.

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Sun, 17 Jun 2012 19:33:29 GMT

Everybody is welcomed to sharea 64-bit programming experience!

Best regards,
Sergey

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Tue, 19 Jun 2012 01:38:51 GMT

12.Issues with a'fseek' CRT-function detected:

For a 32-bit platform it is declared as follows:
int fseek( FILE *stream, long offset, int origin );

For a 64-bit platform it is declared as follows:
int _fseeki64( FILE *stream, __int64 offset, int origin );

A macro-wrapper is needed to make codes more portable.

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Tue, 19 Jun 2012 01:45:22 GMT

13. Issues with some intrinsic functions detected:

Header: 'nmmintrin.h'
...
// Calculate a number of bits set to 1
...
#if defined( _M_X64 )
extern __int64 _mm_popcnt_u64( unsigned __int64 v );
#endif
...

Header: 'smmintrin.h'
...
// Insert integer into packed integer array element
// selected by index
...
#if defined( _M_X64 )
extern __m128i _mm_insert_epi64( __m128i dst, __int64 s, const int ndx );
#endif

// Extract integer from packed integer array element
// selected by index
...
#if defined( _M_X64 )
extern __int64 _mm_extract_epi64( __m128i src, const int ndx );
#endif
...

Even if __int64 and __m128i data types could be used on a 32-bit platform these intrinsic functions are not available.

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Tue, 19 Jun 2012 01:49:46 GMT

14. Forced truncations of Single- or Double-precision values to integer type:

In the following example:
...
float fPI = 3.141592653589793f;

float fPIint = ( int )fPI;
...

there is nothing wrong, but ifMicrosoftor Intel C++ compilers are useda warning:

C4244: '=' : conversion from 'float' to 'int', possible loss of data

will be displayed.

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Sat, 23 Jun 2012 17:48:58 GMT

Quoting Sergey Kostrov

9. Default ( turn on ) the following warnigs for Microsoft compatible C++ compilers:
#pragma warning ( default : 4239 )// Nonstandard extension used : 'type cast' : conversion from 'type1' to 'type2'
#pragma warning ( default : 4242 )// Conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data
#pragma warning ( default : 4244 )// Conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data
#pragma warning ( default : 4305 )// 'Initializing' : truncation from 'type1' to 'type2'
#pragma warning ( default : 4309 )// 'Initializing' : truncation of constant value
#pragma warning ( default : 4311 )// 'Type cast' : pointer truncation from 'type1' to 'type2'

In case of Intel C++ compiler default ( turn on )a warning 2259:

#pragma warning (default : 2259 ) // Non-pointer conversion from "type1" to "type2" may lose significant bits

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

Maycon_Oliveira — Sun, 24 Jun 2012 17:19:26 GMT

Thank you for the information! :-)

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Fri, 06 Jul 2012 00:20:35 GMT

15. A version 3 of the 'MemTestApp' that could be used to test allocation of large blocks of memory is attached.

Please take a look at a post:

http://software.intel.com/en-us/forums/showpost.php?p=189214

for more technical details.

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

Arthur_Moroz — Fri, 06 Jul 2012 09:49:10 GMT

16. Integer literal constant:

__int64 test = 1<<48;

The result is 0! To have correct result it should look like following

__int64 test = 1LL<<48;

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Fri, 06 Jul 2012 12:17:53 GMT

Quoting Arthur Moroz

16. Integer literal constant:

__int64 test = 1<<48;

The result is 0! To have correct result it should look like following

__int64 test = 1LL<<48;

Thank you and it is a really good note. I also had a similarissue and'LL' or 'ULL' resolved it.

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Fri, 06 Jul 2012 23:25:22 GMT

Quoting Sergey Kostrov

Quoting Sergey Kostrov
9. Default ( turn on ) the following warnigs for Microsoft compatible C++ compilers:
#pragma warning ( default : 4239 )// Nonstandard extension used : 'type cast' : conversion from 'type1' to 'type2'
#pragma warning ( default : 4242 )// Conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data
#pragma warning ( default : 4244 )// Conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data
#pragma warning ( default : 4305 )// 'Initializing' : truncation from 'type1' to 'type2'
#pragma warning ( default : 4309 )// 'Initializing' : truncation of constant value
#pragma warning ( default : 4311 )// 'Type cast' : pointer truncation from 'type1' to 'type2'

In case of Intel C++ compiler default ( turn on )a warning 2259:

#pragma warning (default : 2259 ) // Non-pointer conversion from "type1" to "type2" may lose significant bits

A couple of notes regarding warnings. Take into account that as soon as these warnings are 'default'ed
( turned on ) you could be overwhelmed by a number of warnings during compilation of source codes.

Here is example:

- A software development environment has one Visual Studio solution and a number of different
C/C++ projects is 36. Since every project is configured for different platforms a total number of
projects to be compiled is 130

- All warnings related to 64-bit conversions are 'default'ed

- In case of rebuilding all projects a total number of warning messages is 1484

- A summary from a Visual Studio Output Window is as follows:

[cpp] ----- Build started: Project: , Configuration: Release ------ ... - 0 error(s), 2 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 160 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 1 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 2 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 1 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 2 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 83 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 380 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 97 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 160 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 99 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 61 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 2 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 260 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 4 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 3 warning(s) - 0 error(s), 167 warning(s) ... ===== Build: 130 succeeded, 0 failed, 2 up-to-date, 0 skipped ========== [/cpp]

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Sat, 07 Jul 2012 22:12:33 GMT

Quoting Sergey Kostrov

7. Problem - MinGW C++ compiler ( a test case ):
...
int iInt32 = 0xffffeeeeddddcccc; // -> Error: integer constant is too large for "long" type
...

There isa workaround and avalue 18446725308424768716( with LL or ULL )has to be used instead of 0xffffeeeeddddcccc.

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Sun, 22 Jul 2012 19:26:02 GMT

Quoting Sergey Kostrov

Test Results:

OS : Windows 7 64-bit Home Premium
CPU: AMD ( 4 cores )
RAM: 6GB
VM: 96GB initial size \ 128GB maximum size
APP: MemTestApp64.exe \ Release configuration

Attempts to allocate memory:

0.25GB - Allocated
0.50GB - Allocated
1.GB - Allocated
2.GB - Allocated
4.GB - Allocated
8.GB - Allocated
14.GB - Allocated ( Target for a 61000x61000 Single-Precision matrix )
16.GB - Allocated
28.GB - Allocated ( Target for a 61000x61000 Double-Precision matrix )
32.GB - Allocated
64.GB - Allocated

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Mon, 23 Jul 2012 04:20:15 GMT

Quoting Sergey Kostrov

...
2. Turn on a /Wp64 compiler option for Microsoft compatible C++ compilers. It detects 64-bit
portability problems on types that are marked with the __w64 keyword;
...

This is simply to note that 'Wp64' compiler option is deprecatedand Visual Studio 2008 ( Professional & Express Editions)displays
awarning message:
...
cl : Command line warning D9035 : option 'Wp64' has been deprecated and will be removed in a future release
...

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Wed, 22 Aug 2012 01:13:35 GMT

18. Intel 64-bit Mode Coding Guidelines

Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Optimization Reference Manual
November 2007

Chapter 9. 64-bit Mode Coding Guidelines

Note: 5 pages only

Tips for Porting software to a 64-bit platform

SergeyKostrov — Thu, 04 Oct 2012 15:04:08 GMT

17. Issues - When porting a 32-bit project with IDL ( Interface Definition Language ) files for MIDL compiler.

MIDL - Microsoft Interface Definition Language

19. Regarding

SergeyKostrov — Thu, 04 Oct 2012 15:10:00 GMT

19. Regarding /LARGEADDRESSAWARE linker option: . This is what MSDN says: ... The /LARGEADDRESSAWARE option tells the linker that an application supports addresses larger than 2 gigabytes. ... However, it doesn't mean that a 32-bit application that was built with enabled /LARGEADDRESSAWARE linker option could allocate greater than 2GB of memory. It is simply not possible on a 32-bit Windows platform without AWE and on 64-bit Windows platforms. . AWE - Address Windowing Extensions

Ability to allocate beyond

TimP — Thu, 04 Oct 2012 16:20:00 GMT

Ability to allocate beyond the 2GB barrier in 32-bit Windows was introduced with the XP /3GB boot switch. The space is fragmented. After the 2GB is used up, additional non-contiguous allocations within the additional 1GB space are supported, with the additional linker switch. If it were not for mobile devices, one would think 32-bit Windows obsolete.