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- Intel® Advanced Vector Extensions (Intel® AVX)
- Intel® Streaming SIMD Extensions
- Parallel Computing
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I am not sure how much your result will be different after trying to apply /Qpc64 switch.
Another possibility could be related to implementation at hardware/microcode level.
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apply /Qpc64 switch
pmulhrsw isn't a floating point instruction.
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I believe, what the operation does is equivalent to mathematical rounding (i.e. to the closest nearest integer), not to the positive infinity as you say. Whether or not this behavior is "better" than truncation or another rounding mode is debatable and depends on the tasks you have.
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A most serious mistake. Thanks for correcting me, andysem.
I was mistaken into thinking it was biased because the formula from MSDN, https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb513995.aspx
was (x * y + 16384) >> 15. This looked very similar to the int(x + 0.5) method for rounding, which I know is biased for negative #s and cringe at. But I didn't realize right shift for negative numbers isn't the same as dividing and casting to an int.
Plus. it wasn't matching my non-SIMD reference implementation, which turns out to be biased since I was calculating int(sum / 9.0f), which rounds towards zero.
I should've had more doubt before questioning the behavior of something implemented in hardware, which would've been vigorously vetted, since int(x + 0.5) would be a very expensive mistake.
_mm_mulhrs_epi16() still has some bias of always rounding x.5 towards + infinity. But that's not a big deal for my application.
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delete me
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You are mistaken again. According to Intel Intrinsics guide
Synopsis
__m128i _mm_mulhrs_epi16 (__m128i a, __m128i b)
#include "tmmintrin.h"
Instruction: pmulhrsw
CPUID Feature Flag: SSSE3
Description
Multiply packed 16-bit integers in a and b, producing intermediate signed 32-bit integers. Truncate each intermediate integer to the 18 most significant bits, round by adding 1, and store bits [16:1] to dst.
Operation
FOR j := 0 to 7
i := j*16
tmp[31:0] := ((a[i+15:i] * b[i+15:i]) >> 14) + 1
dst[i+15:i] := tmp[16:1]
ENDFOR
This is equivalent to (x*y + 16384) >> 16
Or equivalent to int(x + 0.25) method for rounding.
Jim Dempsey
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No, the rounding is to the nearest integer (x * y + 16384) >> 15. If you're not convinced, consider this example:
_mm_mulhrs_epi16(1, 16383) = 0 // 1 * 0.49999999
_mm_mulhrs_epi16(1, 16384) = 1 // 1 * 0.5
I've verified the behavior for all possible x & y, and the behavior is expected except when it overflows at x = -32768 and y = -32768.
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jimdempseyatthecove wrote:
FOR j := 0 to 7
i := j*16
tmp[31:0] := ((a[i+15:i] * b[i+15:i]) >> 14) + 1
dst[i+15:i] := tmp[16:1]
ENDFOR
when i == 0 we have:
dst = ((a*b >> 14) + 1) >> 1 (1)
so this is indeed a round to nearest as per the Intrinsics Guide
btw this can be simplified as follows:
dst = a*b+16384 >> 14 >> 1 (1.1)
dst = a*b+16384 >> 15 (1.2)
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>>>pmulhrsw isn't a floating point instruction.>>>
Rounding algorithm may involve operations on floating point values.

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