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PCI (I/O) partitioning on Sub-Numa Clustering

gkgabel
Beginner
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I understand to a level how SNC in Intel processors partitions CPU, memory and LLC into clusters. However it is not clear to me how PCI root complexes are divided among these sub-numa clusters. We have a Granite Rapids CPU in our lab and though we can see different PCI root complexes mapped to different sub-numa cluster presented as NUMA nodes but I want to understand 1) logically what is the scheme of this partitioning the PCI root complexes 2) Also like physical NUMA nodes are there penalties for accessing a PCI device shown on a remote Sub-NUMA cluster within a single physical NUMA and if so are by how much?

Thanks

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