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We have been using two same Skylake servers with completely the same softwares, Centos 7 OS and BIOS settings. Everything is the same, except the latency performance. Our software is using AVX512.
In tests, I noticed that something slows down performance (increasing latency) in the one of the systems each time. There is a significant performance difference. I checked everything, all are the same. In the attached code, I'm trying to measure inter-cpu latency and even this shows me a proof of slowness, but for the real code, I'm using SIMD/AVX512 for math operations as well and in the field working application, there is an incredible difference between the same systems. How can this happen?
What should I do to solve this problem? Which tool can help?
Thanks in advance..
sudo lshw -class cpu *-cpu:0 description: CPU product: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6154 CPU @ 3.00GHz vendor: Intel Corp. vendor_id: GenuineIntel physical id: 400 bus info: cpu@0 version: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6154 CPU @ 3.00GHz slot: CPU1 size: 3GHz capacity: 4GHz width: 64 bits clock: 1010MHz capabilities: lm fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp x86-64 constant_tsc art arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid dca sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch epb cat_l3 cdp_l3 intel_ppin intel_pt ssbd mba ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm cqm mpx rdt_a avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 cqm_llc cqm_occup_llc cqm_mbm_total cqm_mbm_local dtherm ida arat pln pts pku ospke md_clear spec_ctrl intel_stibp flush_l1d configuration: cores=18 enabledcores=18 threads=18 *-cpu:1 DISABLED description: CPU [empty] physical id: 401 slot: CPU2
I also attached the following sample code as an example to measure latency for different mesh network paths on the same die, different cpus have different inter-cpu latency. But still one of the same systems is 25% slower than the other in all case.
Also I don't know if it affects, but the slow CPU has extra md_clear CPU feature flag.
Both system's output as follows: (2-17 are isolated cpus, and the attached code ignores the first iteration for cold cache, thread startup, cache miss etc..)
slow cpu fast cpu ------------------------------------ (M=2-W=3) mean=580 mean=374 (M=2-W=4) mean=463 mean=365 (M=2-W=5) mean=449 mean=391 (M=2-W=6) mean=484 mean=345 (M=2-W=7) mean=430 mean=386 (M=2-W=8) mean=439 mean=369 (M=2-W=9) mean=445 mean=376 (M=2-W=10) mean=480 mean=354 (M=2-W=11) mean=440 mean=392 (M=2-W=12) mean=475 mean=324 (M=2-W=13) mean=453 mean=373 (M=2-W=14) mean=474 mean=344 (M=2-W=15) mean=445 mean=384 (M=2-W=16) mean=468 mean=372 (M=2-W=17) mean=462 mean=373 (M=3-W=2) mean=447 mean=392 (M=3-W=4) mean=556 mean=386 (M=3-W=5) mean=418 mean=409 (M=3-W=6) mean=473 mean=372 (M=3-W=7) mean=397 mean=400 (M=3-W=8) mean=408 mean=403 (M=3-W=9) mean=412 mean=413 (M=3-W=10) mean=447 mean=389 (M=3-W=11) mean=412 mean=423 (M=3-W=12) mean=446 mean=399 (M=3-W=13) mean=427 mean=407 (M=3-W=14) mean=445 mean=390 (M=3-W=15) mean=417 mean=448 (M=3-W=16) mean=438 mean=386 (M=3-W=17) mean=435 mean=396 (M=4-W=2) mean=463 mean=368 (M=4-W=3) mean=433 mean=401 (M=4-W=5) mean=561 mean=406 (M=4-W=6) mean=468 mean=378 (M=4-W=7) mean=416 mean=387 (M=4-W=8) mean=425 mean=386 (M=4-W=9) mean=425 mean=415 (M=4-W=10) mean=464 mean=379 (M=4-W=11) mean=424 mean=404 (M=4-W=12) mean=456 mean=369 (M=4-W=13) mean=441 mean=395 (M=4-W=14) mean=460 mean=378 (M=4-W=15) mean=427 mean=405 (M=4-W=16) mean=446 mean=369 (M=4-W=17) mean=448 mean=391 (M=5-W=2) mean=447 mean=382 (M=5-W=3) mean=418 mean=406 (M=5-W=4) mean=430 mean=397 (M=5-W=6) mean=584 mean=386 (M=5-W=7) mean=399 mean=399 (M=5-W=8) mean=404 mean=386 (M=5-W=9) mean=408 mean=408 (M=5-W=10) mean=446 mean=378 (M=5-W=11) mean=411 mean=407 (M=5-W=12) mean=440 mean=385 (M=5-W=13) mean=424 mean=402 (M=5-W=14) mean=442 mean=381 (M=5-W=15) mean=411 mean=411 (M=5-W=16) mean=433 mean=398 (M=5-W=17) mean=429 mean=395 (M=6-W=2) mean=486 mean=356 (M=6-W=3) mean=453 mean=388 (M=6-W=4) mean=471 mean=353 (M=6-W=5) mean=452 mean=388 (M=6-W=7) mean=570 mean=360 (M=6-W=8) mean=444 mean=377 (M=6-W=9) mean=450 mean=376 (M=6-W=10) mean=485 mean=335 (M=6-W=11) mean=451 mean=410 (M=6-W=12) mean=479 mean=353 (M=6-W=13) mean=463 mean=363 (M=6-W=14) mean=479 mean=359 (M=6-W=15) mean=450 mean=394 (M=6-W=16) mean=473 mean=364 (M=6-W=17) mean=469 mean=373 (M=7-W=2) mean=454 mean=365 (M=7-W=3) mean=418 mean=410 (M=7-W=4) mean=443 mean=370 (M=7-W=5) mean=421 mean=407 (M=7-W=6) mean=456 mean=363 (M=7-W=8) mean=527 mean=380 (M=7-W=9) mean=417 mean=392 (M=7-W=10) mean=460 mean=361 (M=7-W=11) mean=421 mean=402 (M=7-W=12) mean=447 mean=354 (M=7-W=13) mean=430 mean=381 (M=7-W=14) mean=449 mean=375 (M=7-W=15) mean=420 mean=393 (M=7-W=16) mean=442 mean=352 (M=7-W=17) mean=438 mean=367 (M=8-W=2) mean=463 mean=382 (M=8-W=3) mean=434 mean=411 (M=8-W=4) mean=452 mean=372 (M=8-W=5) mean=429 mean=402 (M=8-W=6) mean=469 mean=368 (M=8-W=7) mean=416 mean=418 (M=8-W=9) mean=560 mean=418 (M=8-W=10) mean=468 mean=385 (M=8-W=11) mean=429 mean=394 (M=8-W=12) mean=460 mean=378 (M=8-W=13) mean=439 mean=392 (M=8-W=14) mean=459 mean=373 (M=8-W=15) mean=429 mean=383 (M=8-W=16) mean=452 mean=376 (M=8-W=17) mean=449 mean=401 (M=9-W=2) mean=440 mean=368 (M=9-W=3) mean=410 mean=398 (M=9-W=4) mean=426 mean=385 (M=9-W=5) mean=406 mean=403 (M=9-W=6) mean=447 mean=378 (M=9-W=7) mean=393 mean=427 (M=9-W=8) mean=408 mean=368 (M=9-W=10) mean=580 mean=392 (M=9-W=11) mean=408 mean=387 (M=9-W=12) mean=433 mean=381 (M=9-W=13) mean=418 mean=444 (M=9-W=14) mean=441 mean=407 (M=9-W=15) mean=408 mean=401 (M=9-W=16) mean=427 mean=376 (M=9-W=17) mean=426 mean=383 (M=10-W=2) mean=478 mean=361 (M=10-W=3) mean=446 mean=379 (M=10-W=4) mean=461 mean=350 (M=10-W=5) mean=445 mean=373 (M=10-W=6) mean=483 mean=354 (M=10-W=7) mean=428 mean=370 (M=10-W=8) mean=436 mean=355 (M=10-W=9) mean=448 mean=390 (M=10-W=11) mean=569 mean=350 (M=10-W=12) mean=473 mean=337 (M=10-W=13) mean=454 mean=370 (M=10-W=14) mean=474 mean=360 (M=10-W=15) mean=441 mean=370 (M=10-W=16) mean=463 mean=354 (M=10-W=17) mean=462 mean=358 (M=11-W=2) mean=447 mean=384 (M=11-W=3) mean=411 mean=408 (M=11-W=4) mean=433 mean=394 (M=11-W=5) mean=413 mean=428 (M=11-W=6) mean=455 mean=383 (M=11-W=7) mean=402 mean=395 (M=11-W=8) mean=407 mean=418 (M=11-W=9) mean=417 mean=424 (M=11-W=10) mean=452 mean=395 (M=11-W=12) mean=577 mean=406 (M=11-W=13) mean=426 mean=402 (M=11-W=14) mean=442 mean=412 (M=11-W=15) mean=408 mean=411 (M=11-W=16) mean=435 mean=400 (M=11-W=17) mean=431 mean=415 (M=12-W=2) mean=473 mean=352 (M=12-W=3) mean=447 mean=381 (M=12-W=4) mean=461 mean=361 (M=12-W=5) mean=445 mean=366 (M=12-W=6) mean=483 mean=322 (M=12-W=7) mean=431 mean=358 (M=12-W=8) mean=438 mean=340 (M=12-W=9) mean=448 mean=409 (M=12-W=10) mean=481 mean=334 (M=12-W=11) mean=447 mean=351 (M=12-W=13) mean=580 mean=383 (M=12-W=14) mean=473 mean=359 (M=12-W=15) mean=441 mean=385 (M=12-W=16) mean=463 mean=355 (M=12-W=17) mean=462 mean=358 (M=13-W=2) mean=450 mean=385 (M=13-W=3) mean=420 mean=410 (M=13-W=4) mean=440 mean=396 (M=13-W=5) mean=418 mean=402 (M=13-W=6) mean=461 mean=385 (M=13-W=7) mean=406 mean=391 (M=13-W=8) mean=415 mean=382 (M=13-W=9) mean=421 mean=402 (M=13-W=10) mean=457 mean=376 (M=13-W=11) mean=422 mean=409 (M=13-W=12) mean=451 mean=381 (M=13-W=14) mean=579 mean=375 (M=13-W=15) mean=430 mean=402 (M=13-W=16) mean=440 mean=408 (M=13-W=17) mean=439 mean=394 (M=14-W=2) mean=477 mean=330 (M=14-W=3) mean=449 mean=406 (M=14-W=4) mean=464 mean=355 (M=14-W=5) mean=450 mean=389 (M=14-W=6) mean=487 mean=342 (M=14-W=7) mean=432 mean=380 (M=14-W=8) mean=439 mean=360 (M=14-W=9) mean=451 mean=405 (M=14-W=10) mean=485 mean=356 (M=14-W=11) mean=447 mean=398 (M=14-W=12) mean=479 mean=338 (M=14-W=13) mean=455 mean=382 (M=14-W=15) mean=564 mean=383 (M=14-W=16) mean=481 mean=361 (M=14-W=17) mean=465 mean=351 (M=15-W=2) mean=426 mean=409 (M=15-W=3) mean=395 mean=424 (M=15-W=4) mean=412 mean=427 (M=15-W=5) mean=395 mean=425 (M=15-W=6) mean=435 mean=391 (M=15-W=7) mean=379 mean=405 (M=15-W=8) mean=388 mean=412 (M=15-W=9) mean=399 mean=432 (M=15-W=10) mean=432 mean=389 (M=15-W=11) mean=397 mean=432 (M=15-W=12) mean=426 mean=393 (M=15-W=13) mean=404 mean=407 (M=15-W=14) mean=429 mean=412 (M=15-W=16) mean=539 mean=391 (M=15-W=17) mean=414 mean=397 (M=16-W=2) mean=456 mean=368 (M=16-W=3) mean=422 mean=406 (M=16-W=4) mean=445 mean=384 (M=16-W=5) mean=427 mean=397 (M=16-W=6) mean=462 mean=348 (M=16-W=7) mean=413 mean=408 (M=16-W=8) mean=419 mean=361 (M=16-W=9) mean=429 mean=385 (M=16-W=10) mean=463 mean=369 (M=16-W=11) mean=426 mean=404 (M=16-W=12) mean=454 mean=391 (M=16-W=13) mean=434 mean=378 (M=16-W=14) mean=454 mean=412 (M=16-W=15) mean=424 mean=416 (M=16-W=17) mean=578 mean=378 (M=17-W=2) mean=460 mean=402 (M=17-W=3) mean=419 mean=381 (M=17-W=4) mean=446 mean=394 (M=17-W=5) mean=424 mean=422 (M=17-W=6) mean=468 mean=369 (M=17-W=7) mean=409 mean=401 (M=17-W=8) mean=418 mean=405 (M=17-W=9) mean=428 mean=414 (M=17-W=10) mean=459 mean=369 (M=17-W=11) mean=424 mean=387 (M=17-W=12) mean=451 mean=372 (M=17-W=13) mean=435 mean=382 (M=17-W=14) mean=459 mean=369 (M=17-W=15) mean=426 mean=401 (M=17-W=16) mean=446 mean=371
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I don't understand your code, but these 18-core processors each have 6 disabled cores, so the positions of the logical processors are likely to be different on many chips.
There is a bit map of the enabled L3 slices in a PCI configuration space register known as CAPID6. On a typical 2-socket system, these can be found with:
# setpci -s 17:1e.3 0x9c.l
0ffbfdff# setpci -s 85:1e.3 0x9c.l
0fff9fff
These examples are from two 26-core processors in a 2-socket node. The low-order 28 bits of this 32-bit word are a bit map of the enabled L3 slices. Every system that I have checked has the same number of L3 slices disabled in the upper 14 bits and the lower 14 bits (probably to better support SNC mode). In this example, the processor in socket 0 has L3 slices disabled at positions 9 and 18, while the processor in socket 1 has L3 slices disabled at positions 13 and 14. Some discussion about how the bit positions map to locations on the die is in my presentation at https://www.ixpug.org/documents/1524216121knl_skx_topology_coherence_2018-03-23.pptx
The position of the cores is not the only issue, unfortunately. The latency depends on that, but it is also strongly dependent on the location of the L3 slice that is responsible for handling the cacheline address you are using. Cores that are adjacent can have very low cache-to-cache intervention latency if they are exchanging an address mapped to one of the co-located L3 slices, or they can have a very high cache-to-cache intervention latency if they are exchanging an address mapped to a distant L3 slice. Cores that are further apart have less variation by address (but higher best-case values). You might want to try repeat your test using each of the 64 cache lines in a 4KiB page as the shared variable. (I recommend using "mlock()" on the data page to prevent the OS from changing the virtual to physical translation during the run. Alternately, I use the /proc/self/pagemaps interface to look up the physical address of the base of the 4KiB page before the tests and again after the tests.)
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The attached code was to check the aligned 64-byte loads/stores atomicity using AVX512. Also scalar loads/stores produced the similar results on both systems, so that makes me suspicious of AVX512, not the bitmap..
In order to find the disabled cores, I tried to read CAPID6 to check the bitmap of the enabled L3 slices in a PCI configuration space register as below, and it seems all 28 L3/CHA slices are enabled, but I have only 18 cores. What's wrong with it?
$ lspci | grep :1e.3
16:1e.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Sky Lake-E PCU Registers (rev 04)$ setpci -s 16:1e.3 0x9c.l
ffffffff
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The response "ffffffff" (all 32 bits) is used to indicate an error -- in this case it is probably a simple permissions error. User processes are allowed to read the first 64 Bytes of each PCI devices configuration space, but root permission is needed to read past that point. My output above was run as root. On a 28-slice processor, the output is 0ffffffff.
I am not drawing any conclusions about the source of the latency difference yet -- there are several possibilities, and unless all the variables are properly controlled, it is easy to get misled by the results.....
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