FPGA Intellectual Property
PCI Express*, Networking and Connectivity, Memory Interfaces, DSP IP, and Video IP
6343 Discussions

what is the circuit of 2^n -1

Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
1,256 Views

these is a problem for me,i need some help.  

how can i use verilog describe 2^n -1 

the input interface is input[3:0] n; 

the output interface is output [15:0] result; 

i know can use a table ,but these is some other describe 

thanks
0 Kudos
15 Replies
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

i am sorry my english is poor.

0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

if it is just that simple you could write 

 

module MyPower ( clk , In_N , Out_P ); 

 

input clk; 

input [ 3:0] In_N; 

output [15:0] Out_P; 

reg [15:0] Out_P; 

 

 

always @ ( posedge clk ) 

case ( In_N ) 

4'd0 : Out_P <= 16'd1; 

4'd1 : Out_P <= 16'd2; 

4'd2 : Out_P <= 16'd4; 

4'd3 : Out_P <= 16'd8; 

4'd4 : Out_P <= 16'd16; 

4'd5 : Out_P <= 16'd32; 

4'd6 : Out_P <= 16'd64; 

4'd7 : Out_P <= 16'd128; 

4'd8 : Out_P <= 16'd256; 

4'd9 : Out_P <= 16'd512; 

4'd10 : Out_P <= 16'd1024; 

4'd11 : Out_P <= 16'd2048; 

4'd12 : Out_P <= 16'd4096; 

4'd13 : Out_P <= 16'd8192; 

4'd14 : Out_P <= 16'd16384; 

4'd15 : Out_P <= 16'd32768; 

endcase 

 

endmodule 

 

but you could try to implement some kind of shift functionality
0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

If I understood the question (4 to 16 decoder) then MSchmitt's coding is how I would implement this as well. If you don't want the decoder registered then you would write it like this: 

 

reg [15:0] Out_P; 

 

always @ (In_N) 

begin 

case (In_N) 

4'd0 : Out_P = 16'd1; 

4'd1 : Out_P = 16'd2; 

4'd2 : Out_P = 16'd4; 

4'd3 : Out_P = 16'd8; 

4'd4 : Out_P = 16'd16; 

4'd5 : Out_P = 16'd32; 

4'd6 : Out_P = 16'd64; 

4'd7 : Out_P = 16'd128; 

4'd8 : Out_P = 16'd256; 

4'd9 : Out_P = 16'd512; 

4'd10 : Out_P = 16'd1024; 

4'd11 : Out_P = 16'd2048; 

4'd12 : Out_P = 16'd4096; 

4'd13 : Out_P = 16'd8192; 

4'd14 : Out_P = 16'd16384; 

4'd15 : Out_P = 16'd32768; 

endcase 

end
0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

First could you clarify? Are you trying to get: 

a) (2^n)-1 

or 

b) 2^(n-1) 

 

I suspect it's a). If not let me know. 

 

module pow_2toN( input n, output result ); wire shift_reg; assign shift_reg = {16'd0,16'hffff} << n; assign result = shift_reg; endmodule 

or... 

module pow_2toN( input n, output result ); genvar i; generate for(i=0;i<16;i=i+1) begin : result_assigns assign result = (i < n) : 1'b1 : 1'b0; end endgenerate endmodule  

or... 

module pow_2toN( input n, output reg result ); integer i; always @* begin result = 16'd0; for(i=0;i<16;i=i+1) if(i<n) result = 1'b1; end endmodule  

or... 

module pow_2toN( input n, output reg result ); integer i; always @* begin result = 16'd1; for(i=1;i<16;i=i+1) if(i<=n) result = {result,1'b0}; result = result + 16'hffff; end endmodule  

 

We could keep going but I digress. I may have some typos in there. What might be entertaining for you is to try all these variants and see what wildly different compilation results they produce. 

 

Jake
0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

Oh Jake great , thats real fun to read and think about. 

 

first example should be 

assign shift_reg = {16'd1,16'h0000} << n; 

to get the 1,2,4,8,... instead of 0,1,3,7,f,1f,... 

 

It's realy a lesson worth to go through them all and understand them ...
0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

As I stipulated, my assumption was that he wanted (2^n)-1. So the desired result would in fact be (0,1,3,7,f,...). If that assumption is incorrect then all of the examples need tweaking. 

 

Jake
0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

 

--- Quote Start ---  

If I understood the question (4 to 16 decoder) then MSchmitt's coding is how I would implement this as well. If you don't want the decoder registered then you would write it like this: 

 

reg [15:0] Out_P; 

 

always @ (In_N) 

begin 

case (In_N) 

4'd0 : Out_P = 16'd1; 

4'd1 : Out_P = 16'd2; 

4'd2 : Out_P = 16'd4; 

4'd3 : Out_P = 16'd8; 

4'd4 : Out_P = 16'd16; 

4'd5 : Out_P = 16'd32; 

4'd6 : Out_P = 16'd64; 

4'd7 : Out_P = 16'd128; 

4'd8 : Out_P = 16'd256; 

4'd9 : Out_P = 16'd512; 

4'd10 : Out_P = 16'd1024; 

4'd11 : Out_P = 16'd2048; 

4'd12 : Out_P = 16'd4096; 

4'd13 : Out_P = 16'd8192; 

4'd14 : Out_P = 16'd16384; 

4'd15 : Out_P = 16'd32768; 

endcase 

end 

--- Quote End ---  

 

 

this is also a ROM 

can it describe wtih register?
0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

 

--- Quote Start ---  

First could you clarify? Are you trying to get: 

a) (2^n)-1 

or 

b) 2^(n-1) 

 

I suspect it's a). If not let me know. 

 

module pow_2toN( input n, output result ); wire shift_reg; assign shift_reg = {16'd0,16'hffff} << n; assign result = shift_reg; endmodule 

or... 

module pow_2toN( input n, output result ); genvar i; generate for(i=0;i<16;i=i+1) begin : result_assigns assign result = (i < n) : 1'b1 : 1'b0; end endgenerate endmodule  

or... 

module pow_2toN( input n, output reg result ); integer i; always @* begin result = 16'd0; for(i=0;i<16;i=i+1) if(i<n) result = 1'b1; end endmodule  

or... 

module pow_2toN( input n, output reg result ); integer i; always @* begin result = 16'd1; for(i=1;i<16;i=i+1) if(i<=n) result = {result,1'b0}; result = result + 16'hffff; end endmodule  

 

We could keep going but I digress. I may have some typos in there. What might be entertaining for you is to try all these variants and see what wildly different compilation results they produce. 

 

Jake 

--- Quote End ---  

 

Hi jakobjones 

I am sorry  

it is (a) 

assign shift_reg = {16'd0,16'hffff} << n; 

Is this a RTL description?
0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

Hi jakobjones 

I want to know what is the circuit of the description  

if you use synplify what above all?
0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

If you have access to synplify, try the various implementations and see what circuits they produce. 

 

Jake
0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

 

--- Quote Start ---  

this is also a ROM 

can it describe wtih register? 

--- Quote End ---  

 

 

 

What I wrote wouldn't be synthesized as a ROM (in an Altera FPGA) since it's not synchronous. Instead you'll get the same muxing logic only the result isn't registered. Here is a good doc to take a look at to learn more about HDL coding styles and how they map to the FPGA logic: http://www.altera.com/literature/hb/qts/qts_qii51007.pdf 

 

The short forms using the shift operation I suspect will synthesize into the same multiplexer structure from the case statement. A variable shift operation (barrelshift) is a multiplexer of the same data under different shift distances. The shift amount maps to the select bits of the mux. 

 

Like others have said try various codings and see if any give better results. It's easier to try various things and let synthesis do all the heavy lifting instead of the other way around :)
0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

I don't assume significant differences in the synthesis results. The expression for each output signal should fit a 4-input -LUT, so it can be expected, that all logical equivalent descriptions end up in the same circuit.

0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

 

--- Quote Start ---  

What I wrote wouldn't be synthesized as a ROM (in an Altera FPGA) since it's not synchronous. Instead you'll get the same muxing logic only the result isn't registered. Here is a good doc to take a look at to learn more about HDL coding styles and how they map to the FPGA logic: http://www.altera.com/literature/hb/qts/qts_qii51007.pdf 

 

The short forms using the shift operation I suspect will synthesize into the same multiplexer structure from the case statement. A variable shift operation (barrelshift) is a multiplexer of the same data under different shift distances. The shift amount maps to the select bits of the mux. 

 

Like others have said try various codings and see if any give better results. It's easier to try various things and let synthesis do all the heavy lifting instead of the other way around :) 

--- Quote End ---  

 

 

BadOmenthank you very much . 

As you said,it will synthesize into the same multiplexer structure from the case statement 

so if i interface a ROM  

it can save so much resource ?
0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

That is correct, you can use a small ROM as a lookup table based decoder. Just follow the ROM coding style in that link I posted. Keep in mind that this ROM will have a latency of one clock cycle.

0 Kudos
Altera_Forum
Honored Contributor II
343 Views

A ROM is an option of course, but what do you mean with "save so much resource"?

0 Kudos
Reply